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Doolittle's Raid
Doolittle's Raid on April 18, 1942, was the first air raid by the U. S. to strike mainland Japan during World War II. By demonstrating that Japan itself was vulnerable to American air attack, it provided a big morale boost to the U.S. population and military personnel and opportunity for U.S. to retaliate for the December 7th, 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The raid was planned and led by Lieutenant Colonel James "Jimmy" Doolittle.
Sixteen B-25 medium bombers were launched from the U.S.S. Hornet aircraft carrier in the Pacific Ocean. The plan called for them to bomb military targets in Japan, and to continue westward to land in China, because they couldn't return to the aircraft carrier with that size of a plane... it would be impossible to land. All the aircraft involved in the bombing were damaged beyond repair and 8 crewmen were killed and 3 were captured and later executed by the Japanese. One of the B-25s landed in Russia, where it was confiscated and its crew imprisoned for around a year. Thirteen entire crews, and all but one crewman of a 14th, returned to the U.S.
The raid caused only minimal damage to Japan, but it succeeded in its goal of helping American morale, and casting doubt in Japan on the ability of the Japanese military leaders. It also caused Japan to withdraw its powerful aircraft carrier force from the Indian Ocean to defend their Home Islands, and the raid contributed to the Japanese decision to attack Midway—an attack that eventually turned into a major victory by the U.S. over the Japanese Navy.
Approximately 250,000 Chinese civilians were massacred by the Japanese Army in eastern China in retaliation for helping the attacking American aviators escape capture.
The last 50 minutes of the movie Pearl Harbor describes this attack. We probably will not have time to watch it during class.
Sixteen B-25 medium bombers were launched from the U.S.S. Hornet aircraft carrier in the Pacific Ocean. The plan called for them to bomb military targets in Japan, and to continue westward to land in China, because they couldn't return to the aircraft carrier with that size of a plane... it would be impossible to land. All the aircraft involved in the bombing were damaged beyond repair and 8 crewmen were killed and 3 were captured and later executed by the Japanese. One of the B-25s landed in Russia, where it was confiscated and its crew imprisoned for around a year. Thirteen entire crews, and all but one crewman of a 14th, returned to the U.S.
The raid caused only minimal damage to Japan, but it succeeded in its goal of helping American morale, and casting doubt in Japan on the ability of the Japanese military leaders. It also caused Japan to withdraw its powerful aircraft carrier force from the Indian Ocean to defend their Home Islands, and the raid contributed to the Japanese decision to attack Midway—an attack that eventually turned into a major victory by the U.S. over the Japanese Navy.
Approximately 250,000 Chinese civilians were massacred by the Japanese Army in eastern China in retaliation for helping the attacking American aviators escape capture.
The last 50 minutes of the movie Pearl Harbor describes this attack. We probably will not have time to watch it during class.
Battle of Midway - History Channel
Battle of Guadalcanal - History Channel
Battle of Leyte Gulf
WWII In Color - Victory in the Pacific - beginning with Iwo Jima
This 50 minute video discusses capturing the island of Iwo Jima (including the raising of the U.S. Flag), high altitude bombing of military and industrial targets in Japan, low altitude fire bombing of civilian targets in Japan, capturing the island of Okinawa, kamikaze pilots, whether or not to invade the island of Japan based on increasing U.S. death tolls, the extent of the Manhattan Project, the testing of the atomic bombs in the U.S., Truman's decision to use the bombs in Japan, the aftermath from the bombs, the Russians entering the war against Japan at the very end, the Japanese surrender, and the celebration of the end of the war.
Iwo Jima by itself
Okinawa by itself
The Atomic Bombs
This is the atomic bomb that was dropped from the Enola Gay. It was given the code name Little Boy. It derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium 235 that was started . The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the test that occurred in the New Mexico desert roughly a month beforehand of a plutonium bomb. Approximately 600 to 860 milligrams of matter in the bomb was converted into the active energy of heat and radiation. This caused an explosion with an energy of around 15 kilotons of TNT. Its design was not tested in advance, unlike the more complex plutonium bomb (Fat Man) that was dropped on Nagasak 3 days later. The available supply of enriched uranium was very small at that time, and it was thought that the simple design of a uranium "gun" type bomb (it essentially had a combination of a trigger that was set off by a timer and a fuse that was made to end once the bomb reached a certain altitude) was so sure to work that there was no need to test it at full scale. They were right. A full scale model of it is also on displayat the Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio
The bomb was detonated at approximately 8:15 AM Hiroshima time at an altitude of about 2,000 feet (yep... it never actually hit the ground). Around 130,000 people died from the blast within a year, compared to roughly half of that (70,000) in the more heavily populated city of Nagasaki. The reason for the difference has to do with topography. Hiroshima is flat, which allowed for shockwaves from the blast to spread out in all directions much farther than the valley that the city of Nagasaki sits in.
This is a picture of a 5 square mile area of what was formerly Hiroshima taken less than 4 months after the bomb was dropped. As you can see, a few buildings were in the process of being reconstructed by then. Much of the area was flattened by the shockwaves, but the outer edges were likely burned by the fires that accompanied the blast
Albert Einstein's Contribution
Albert Einstein was a German born Physicist who revolutionized science and is widely regarded as one of the most famous and important scientists of all time. He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and did not go back to Germany (Why you ask? Simple... Because he was Jewish), where he had been a professor and had already won worldwide acclaim for many things, including a Nobel Prize for his Theory of Relativity. He stayed in the U.S. and officially became a citizen in 1940. During the mid to late 1930s, he was constantly in contact with many of his former colleagues that were still in Germany and now working for the Nazi government. They informed him that they were in the very early stages of attempting to harness the power that came from splitting radioactive atoms (uranium and plutonium). It was at this time that he alerted authorites and met with President Franklin D. Roosevelt to tell him that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and recommended that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become known as the Manhattan Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon unless it was absolutely necessary as a last resort. The military and newly sworn in President Truman didn't agree, and 2 bombs were eventually dropped to end the war. One of his famous quotes shortly after the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was, "I do not know how the Third World War will be fought, but I can tell you what they will use in the Fourth.... ROCKS!"
The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences:
Highlights of Both:
Yalta:
1. Takes place in the Ukraine (borders on the Western Part of Russia)
2. Takes place in February of 1945 (before either war is over)
3. Takes place beween leaders of the Big 3 Allies: Stalin, FDR, and Churchill.
4. Main purposes:
a. To figure out what Germany is going to look like after the war.
b. To make preliminary plans for boundaries of countries in Europe after
the war.
c. To have Russia promise to enter the war against Japan after the war
against Germany was over.
5. Conclusions:
a. Germany would be split into 4 zones
- One controlled by the Russians in the Eastern Part of the Country
(it was by far the biggest zone)
- One controlled by the English
- One controlled by the French
- One controlled by the U.S.
b. The capital city of Germany (Berlin... which was located within the
Russian Zone of the country) would also be split into 4 zones, with each
country controlling a portion of it.
c. Poland would gain 25% of the territory of Germany
(indicated by the creme color below)
d. Russia promises to enter the war against Japan 3 months after the war
against Germany is over.
Yalta:
1. Takes place in the Ukraine (borders on the Western Part of Russia)
2. Takes place in February of 1945 (before either war is over)
3. Takes place beween leaders of the Big 3 Allies: Stalin, FDR, and Churchill.
4. Main purposes:
a. To figure out what Germany is going to look like after the war.
b. To make preliminary plans for boundaries of countries in Europe after
the war.
c. To have Russia promise to enter the war against Japan after the war
against Germany was over.
5. Conclusions:
a. Germany would be split into 4 zones
- One controlled by the Russians in the Eastern Part of the Country
(it was by far the biggest zone)
- One controlled by the English
- One controlled by the French
- One controlled by the U.S.
b. The capital city of Germany (Berlin... which was located within the
Russian Zone of the country) would also be split into 4 zones, with each
country controlling a portion of it.
c. Poland would gain 25% of the territory of Germany
(indicated by the creme color below)
d. Russia promises to enter the war against Japan 3 months after the war
against Germany is over.
Potsdam:
1. Takes place in Germany
2. Takes place in Mid July to early August of 1945.
(after Germany surrenders but before Japan does)
3. Takes place between leaders of Big 3
(Stalin, Truman, and Atlee... new Prime Minister in England)
4. Main Purposes:
a. To follow through with plans decided upon at Yalta.
b. To punish high ranking Axis officials for authorizing actions against
innocent civilians during war.
c. To eliminate war related industries from within Germany.
5. Conclusions:
a. All major ideas discussed at Yalta are put into effect.
b. War Trials are decided upon, with the first to occur in Nuremberg.
c. All shipyards and aircraft factories are destroyed or controlled by the
Allies, all metal-related industries are heavily regulated, and the German
economy is transformed to one based mostly on agriculture and
peaceful light industry.
1. Takes place in Germany
2. Takes place in Mid July to early August of 1945.
(after Germany surrenders but before Japan does)
3. Takes place between leaders of Big 3
(Stalin, Truman, and Atlee... new Prime Minister in England)
4. Main Purposes:
a. To follow through with plans decided upon at Yalta.
b. To punish high ranking Axis officials for authorizing actions against
innocent civilians during war.
c. To eliminate war related industries from within Germany.
5. Conclusions:
a. All major ideas discussed at Yalta are put into effect.
b. War Trials are decided upon, with the first to occur in Nuremberg.
c. All shipyards and aircraft factories are destroyed or controlled by the
Allies, all metal-related industries are heavily regulated, and the German
economy is transformed to one based mostly on agriculture and
peaceful light industry.
Nuremberg War Trials
Review Video Clip #3 - Achieving Victory in the Pacific
This nearly 9 minute clip discusses most of the major events involved with the battle in the Pacific Ocean against the Japanese. It discusses the Allies losing territory after Pearl Harbor, the Battle of Midway, the Allies "island hopping" strategy, kamikaze pilots, the key Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, the Manhattan Project and the decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Japanese surrender. (Click "Watch on YouTube")
Facebook summary of WWII
Click this link. Funny stuff. Warning... it has some inappropriate language... but you should be able to appreciate the humor in in this considering we've spent roughly a month in school discussing WWII.