chapter_10_section_2_notes.ppt | |
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De Lome Letter and U.S.S. Maine Sinking
Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, a Spanish government official in Cuba, wrote a letter (shown above) that was intended for a head government official back in Spain. It ended up getting stolen by Cuban revolutionaries, who gave it to American Newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. In the letter, De Lome referred to President William McKinley as "weak" and only concerned with getting people to vote for him. One week after the letter was published in the New York Journal, the USS Maine was mysteriously sunk in Havana Harbor (newspaper article listed below). Both events happening so close to one another caused the American public to get behind helping out the Cuban revolutionaries and being against the Spanish. These 2 events are seen as the two main triggers of the Spanish-American War.
Summary of Spanish American War
Good summary of whole section. Around 8 minutes long
FAST, but awesome. Slow down speed at your own convenience in the settings.
This does a good job with the origins of the Spanish - American War (Marti), the events leading up to it, the sinking of the Maine, and then the discovery in the 1970s that the Maine wasn't sunk by a Spanish mine. It's a little over 2 and a half minutes long.
Short student documentary on the Rough Riders
Student produced video all about Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders. Around 2 and a half minutes long.
Treaty of Paris
To see this document in its entirety, click here
The Spanish - American War Timeline
Feb 24, 1895 - The second phase of the Cuban war for independence from Spain begins. The first phase lasted for quite a long time and was unsuccessful at getting the U.S. Government involved,.
Apr 10, 1895 - José Martí returns to Cuba to fight for independence. His Cuban Revolutionary Party founded in New York continues to work tirelessly for revolution.
May 19, 1895 - José Martí is killed in a Spanish ambush at Dos Ríos, Cuba.
Jun 12, 1895 - U.S. President Grover Cleveland proclaims U.S. neutrality in the Cuban war against Spain. He acknowledges that previous damage to U.S. businesses was done by Cuban rebels and the Spanish military was trying to help out the U.S. by stopping them.
Mar 2, 1896 - Over the next 9 months, war between the Cubans and Spanish combined with yellow journalism in this country that was sympathetic towards the Cuban rebels leads the the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate to call for the recognition of the Cuban independence movement. They don't declare war, but imply that they might have to get involved if conditions don't improve between the Cubans and Spanish. Conditions don't improve.
Jan 19, 1897 - The New York Journal reports on the execution of a Cuban rebel by a Spanish firing squad. Through sensational stories like these, major American newspapers help strengthen anti-Spanish sentiment in the United States.
Feb 9, 1898 - The New York Journal publishes the De Lôme letter, critical of President McKinley, pushing the United States to consider war against Spain.
Feb 15, 1898 - An explosion sinks the battleship Maine in Havana harbor. 266 U.S. crewmen are killed. A few weeks later, the Navy releases a report pronouncing that a Spanish mine caused the explosion.
Mar 29, 1898 - The United States issues an ultimatum to the Spanish government to leave Cuba. Spain rejects it.
Apr 4, 1898 - The New York Journal prints one million copies of an issue covering the war in Cuba and calls for the United States to intervene against Spain.
Apr 11, 1898 - President McKinley asks Congress for a declaration of war against Spain.
Apr 19, 1898 - The U.S. Congress votes for war with Spain. In its declaration of war, Congress issues the Teller Amendment, which promises that the U.S. would not annex Cuba and leave the island as soon as the war is over.
Apr 25, 1898 - The Spanish-American War is formally declared.
May 1, 1898 - In a decisive battle, the U.S. navy destroys the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines.
May 19, 1898 - Emilio Aguinaldo leads a group of Filipino rebels, supported by the United States military, in an attempt to remove the Spanish colonial government. Over the course of the next several months, the combined forces are successful in removing most of the Spanish military presence in the islands.
Jun 6, 1898 - U.S. troops bombard the Spanish harbors after all ships arrive from Spain. The rest of the Spanish fleet is , destroyed and much damage is done to Spanish fortifications along the coast..
Jul 1, 1898 - U.S. troops (including Teddy Roosevelt's group of Rough Riders) arrive in Cuba and begin battles immediately (including the battle for San Juan Hill).
Jul 16, 1898 - The Spanish army in Cuba surrenders to the United States... 2 weeks after the 1st U.S. troops step foot on Cuban soil.
Jul 26, 1898 - United States begins to mount an invasion of Puerto Rico. The island is never taken over by U.S. ground forces.
Aug 12, 1898 - A ceasefire is announced while terms of the peace treaty are negotiated.
Oct 1898 - Teddy Roosevelt (having received a lot of media attention for his actions during the war) is elected governor of New York.
Dec 10, 1898 - The Treaty of Paris formally ends war between the United States and Spain. Spain renounces its rights to Cuba, acknowledges Cuban independence, cedes Puerto Rico and the island of Guam to the U.S., and sells the Philippines to the U.S. for $20,000,000. All Spanish personnel begin leaving these areas immediately.
January 1899 - Emilio Aguinaldo declares himself president of the new Philippine Republic, but United States authorities refuse to recognize this new government.
Feb 4, 1899 - the Philippine Republic declares war on the United States.
Feb 1, 1901 - The United States enacts the Platt Amendment, which amends the Cuban constitution to give the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and access to naval bases on the island. This amendment is in direct opposition to the Teller amendment that was written before war broke out.
Jul 4, 1902 - President Theodore Roosevelt declares the end of the war in the Philippines. After three years of warfare, at least 4,200 U.S. soldiers, 20,000 Filipino soldiers, and 200,000 Filipino civilians are dead. Filipino nationalists will continue to fight against U.S. forces (with isolated attacks) over the next dozen years. The Phillipines do not become truly independent until July 4th, 1946... well after the conclusion of World War II.
Apr 10, 1895 - José Martí returns to Cuba to fight for independence. His Cuban Revolutionary Party founded in New York continues to work tirelessly for revolution.
May 19, 1895 - José Martí is killed in a Spanish ambush at Dos Ríos, Cuba.
Jun 12, 1895 - U.S. President Grover Cleveland proclaims U.S. neutrality in the Cuban war against Spain. He acknowledges that previous damage to U.S. businesses was done by Cuban rebels and the Spanish military was trying to help out the U.S. by stopping them.
Mar 2, 1896 - Over the next 9 months, war between the Cubans and Spanish combined with yellow journalism in this country that was sympathetic towards the Cuban rebels leads the the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate to call for the recognition of the Cuban independence movement. They don't declare war, but imply that they might have to get involved if conditions don't improve between the Cubans and Spanish. Conditions don't improve.
Jan 19, 1897 - The New York Journal reports on the execution of a Cuban rebel by a Spanish firing squad. Through sensational stories like these, major American newspapers help strengthen anti-Spanish sentiment in the United States.
Feb 9, 1898 - The New York Journal publishes the De Lôme letter, critical of President McKinley, pushing the United States to consider war against Spain.
Feb 15, 1898 - An explosion sinks the battleship Maine in Havana harbor. 266 U.S. crewmen are killed. A few weeks later, the Navy releases a report pronouncing that a Spanish mine caused the explosion.
Mar 29, 1898 - The United States issues an ultimatum to the Spanish government to leave Cuba. Spain rejects it.
Apr 4, 1898 - The New York Journal prints one million copies of an issue covering the war in Cuba and calls for the United States to intervene against Spain.
Apr 11, 1898 - President McKinley asks Congress for a declaration of war against Spain.
Apr 19, 1898 - The U.S. Congress votes for war with Spain. In its declaration of war, Congress issues the Teller Amendment, which promises that the U.S. would not annex Cuba and leave the island as soon as the war is over.
Apr 25, 1898 - The Spanish-American War is formally declared.
May 1, 1898 - In a decisive battle, the U.S. navy destroys the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines.
May 19, 1898 - Emilio Aguinaldo leads a group of Filipino rebels, supported by the United States military, in an attempt to remove the Spanish colonial government. Over the course of the next several months, the combined forces are successful in removing most of the Spanish military presence in the islands.
Jun 6, 1898 - U.S. troops bombard the Spanish harbors after all ships arrive from Spain. The rest of the Spanish fleet is , destroyed and much damage is done to Spanish fortifications along the coast..
Jul 1, 1898 - U.S. troops (including Teddy Roosevelt's group of Rough Riders) arrive in Cuba and begin battles immediately (including the battle for San Juan Hill).
Jul 16, 1898 - The Spanish army in Cuba surrenders to the United States... 2 weeks after the 1st U.S. troops step foot on Cuban soil.
Jul 26, 1898 - United States begins to mount an invasion of Puerto Rico. The island is never taken over by U.S. ground forces.
Aug 12, 1898 - A ceasefire is announced while terms of the peace treaty are negotiated.
Oct 1898 - Teddy Roosevelt (having received a lot of media attention for his actions during the war) is elected governor of New York.
Dec 10, 1898 - The Treaty of Paris formally ends war between the United States and Spain. Spain renounces its rights to Cuba, acknowledges Cuban independence, cedes Puerto Rico and the island of Guam to the U.S., and sells the Philippines to the U.S. for $20,000,000. All Spanish personnel begin leaving these areas immediately.
January 1899 - Emilio Aguinaldo declares himself president of the new Philippine Republic, but United States authorities refuse to recognize this new government.
Feb 4, 1899 - the Philippine Republic declares war on the United States.
Feb 1, 1901 - The United States enacts the Platt Amendment, which amends the Cuban constitution to give the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and access to naval bases on the island. This amendment is in direct opposition to the Teller amendment that was written before war broke out.
Jul 4, 1902 - President Theodore Roosevelt declares the end of the war in the Philippines. After three years of warfare, at least 4,200 U.S. soldiers, 20,000 Filipino soldiers, and 200,000 Filipino civilians are dead. Filipino nationalists will continue to fight against U.S. forces (with isolated attacks) over the next dozen years. The Phillipines do not become truly independent until July 4th, 1946... well after the conclusion of World War II.